GI & Hepatology
Practical guidance for gastrointestinal symptoms, liver disease, bleeding, pancreatitis, and related digestive conditions.
Choledocholithiasis: Who Goes Straight to ERCP, Who Gets MRCP or EUS First
Common bile duct stones: ASGE high/intermediate/low risk, when MRCP or EUS comes before ERCP, recognizing cholangitis, and same-admission cholecystectomy.
Constipation in Hospitalized Patients: Evaluation, Stepwise Laxatives, and Opioid-Induced Constipation
Inpatient constipation: red flags first, then osmotic → stimulant → rectal therapy with doses, PAMORAs for opioid-induced constipation, agents to avoid in CKD.
Acute Cholecystitis: Diagnosis, Severity Grading, and When to Operate
Acute cholecystitis: ultrasound diagnosis, Tokyo severity grading, antibiotics, early laparoscopic cholecystectomy, and cholecystostomy for high-risk patients.
Acute Appendicitis: Diagnosis, Appendectomy vs Antibiotics-First, and Complicated Disease
Acute appendicitis: confirming uncomplicated disease on CT, empiric antibiotics, appendectomy vs antibiotics-first, and managing abscess or perforation.
Small vs Large Bowel Obstruction: How to Distinguish and Manage Them in Hospitalized Patients
Bowel obstruction on the wards: telling SBO from LBO on CT, NG decompression, the contrast challenge, ischemia red flags, and when to operate or stent.